The Unwanted Subject: Haitian Belonging and Political Standing Across Borders
La fondation d’Haïti en 1804 a créé une communauté politique souveraine, que la France a reconnue en 1825 à des conditions racialement inégales, payées sur le travail haïtien. L’article soutient que l’indépendance souveraine et la qualité effective de sujet politique sont des acquis distincts, et il examine comment les frontières réorganisent leur relation. À partir d’actes juridiques et de statistiques officielles, il compare les Haïtiens titulaires du Statut de protection temporaire aux États-Unis et les personnes d’ascendance haïtienne nées en République dominicaine dont la nationalité a été réinterprétée en 2013. Il propose la notion de sujet indésirable pour désigner une position dans laquelle l’appartenance ou la protection est précaire et où les moyens de contester l’exclusion et d’exiger des comptes sont restreints. Dans les deux cas, cette position s’est formée là où une seule institution pouvait retirer ou réinterpréter un statut ou une appartenance et où le recours était fermé au plus haut niveau national. Elle est propre aux Haïtiens là où l’appartenance est assignée, et générale, bien que fondée sur la condition d’Haïti, dans le cas des fins de protection temporaire décidées en 2025-2026.
Haiti’s founding in 1804 created a sovereign polity, which France recognized in 1825 on racially unequal terms paid from Haitian labour. The article argues that sovereign independence and effective political subjecthood are distinct achievements and asks how borders reorganize their relation. Drawing on legal acts and official data, it compares Haitian holders of Temporary Protected Status in the United States with Dominican-born people of Haitian descent whose nationality was reinterpreted in 2013. It proposes the concept of the unwanted subject for a position in which membership or protection is insecure and the means to contest exclusion and to demand accountability are restricted. In both cases the position arose where one institution could withdraw or reinterpret a status or a membership and the remedy was closed at the highest domestic level. It is Haitian-specific where belonging is assigned, and general, though grounded in Haiti’s condition, under the terminations of temporary protection in 2025–26.
Fondasyon Ayiti an 1804 te kreye yon kominote politik souvren, Lafrans te rekonèt li an 1825 sou kondisyon rasyalman inegal, epi se travay ayisyen ki te peye kondisyon sa yo. Atik la soutni endepandans souvren ak sijè politik efektif se de akizisyon ki pa menm bagay, epi li egzamine kijan fwontyè yo reòganize relasyon ant yo. Apati dokiman legal ak estatistik ofisyèl, li konpare Ayisyen ki te gen Estati Pwoteksyon Tanporè Ozetazini ak moun ki gen orijin ayisyen ki fèt Repiblik Dominikèn, nasyonalite yo te reyentèprete an 2013. Li pwopoze nosyon sijè yo pa vle a (unwanted subject) pou yon pozisyon kote apatenans oswa pwoteksyon pa asire, epi kote mwayen pou konteste esklizyon ak mande kont limite. Nan de ka yo, pozisyon sa a te parèt kote yon sèl enstitisyon te ka retire oswa reyentèprete yon estati oswa yon apatenans, epi kote rekou a te fèmen nan pi wo nivo nasyonal la. Li espesifik pou Ayisyen kote yo atribye apatenans lan, epi li jeneral, menm si li chita sou kondisyon Ayiti, nan ka fen pwoteksyon tanporè yo an 2025-2026.
Lefranc Joseph is a professor of sociology at the Université d’État d’Haïti, a visiting professor at the University of Ottawa, and director of CHARESSO. He works on Haitian migration and mobility, urban sociology, language politics and knowledge production. Email: ljoseph2@uottawa.ca
Accord politique pour une gouvernance apaisée et efficace de la période intérimaire. (2021, September 17). Le Moniteur, 176(Spécial 46).
Agier, M. (2011). Managing the undesirables: Refugee camps and humanitarian government (D. Fernbach, Trans.). Polity. (Original work published 2008)
Alcindor, M. (2025, February 21). Haïti : La Cour d’appel de Port-au-Prince annule les mandats de comparution contre trois conseillers présidentiels. Caribbean Television Network. https://ctninfo.com/30384-2/
Arendt, H. (1973). The origins of totalitarianism (New ed.). Harcourt Brace & Company. (Original work published 1951)
Associated Press. (2024, March 11). Blinken to attend emergency talks in Jamaica on Haiti violence. VOA Africa. https://www.voaafrica.com/a/blinken-to-attend-emergency-talks-in-jamaica-on-haiti-violence/7522601.html 
Associated Press. (2026a, May 12). Residents of Haiti’s Cite Soleil demand protection after gang violence displaces hundreds. The Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20260511/residents-haitis-cite-soleil-demand-protection-after-gang-violence
Associated Press. (2026b, August 21). First group of deportees arrives in troubled Haiti after US ends TPS program. The Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20260821/first-group-deportees-arrives-troubled-haiti-after-us-ends-tps-program
Baeninger, R., & Peres, R. (2017). Migração de crise: A migração haitiana para o Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 34(1), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.20947/S0102-3098a0017
Balibar, É. (2004). We, the people of Europe? Reflections on transnational citizenship (J. Swenson, Trans.). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400825783 (Original work published 2001)
Ban, K.-M. (2016, December 1). Remarks to the General Assembly on a new approach to address cholera in Haiti. United Nations. https://unsoh.unmissions.org/en/node/131687
Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N., & Szanton Blanc, C. (2005). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Routledge. (Original work published 1994)
Belton, K. A. (2017). Statelessness in the Caribbean: The paradox of belonging in a postnational world. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294323
Berlant, L. (2007). Slow death (sovereignty, obesity, lateral agency). Critical Inquiry, 33(4), 754–780. https://doi.org/10.1086/521568
Blancpain, F. (2001). Un siècle de relations financières entre Haïti et la France (1825–1922). L’Harmattan.
Bolívar Díaz, J. (2020, November 14). Parece necesario renovar el Plan Nacional de Regularización de Extranjeros (PNRE). Acento. https://acento.com.do/actualidad/parece-necesario-renovar-el-plan-nacional-de-regularizacion-de-extranjeros-pnre-8882654.html
Buck-Morss, S. (2009). Hegel, Haiti, and universal history. University of Pittsburgh Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zwbgz
Building on success: New directions in global health: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 111th Cong. (2010) (S. Hrg. 111-627). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg61631/pdf/CHRG-111shrg61631.pdf
Caflisch, A., Hartman, A., Lamorena, Z., Peters, M., Zhou, T., & Zhou, Y. (2025). Study on the reintegration of deported migrants in Haiti: Insights from the first round of panel surveys. International Organization for Migration. https://dtm.iom.int/reports/haiti-panel-study-reintegration-deported-migrants-round-1-august-2025 
Caribbean Community. (2024, March 11). Outcome declaration of CARICOM, international partners and Haitian stakeholders. https://caricom.org/?p=35835
Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(1), 5–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120103912
Casimir, J. (2020). The Haitians: A decolonial history (L. Dubois, Trans.). University of North Carolina Press. https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660486.001.0001 (Original work published 2018)
Celestin, J. J. (2024, October 2). ULCC recommends legal proceedings against CPT members Smith Augustin, Emmanuel Vertilaire and Louis Gérald Gilles for passive corruption. Le Nouvelliste. https://lenouvelliste.com/en/article/250618/ulcc-recommends-legal-proceedings-against-cpt-members-smith-augustin-emmanuel-vertilaire-and-louis-gerald-gilles-for-passive-corruption
Charveriat, C., & Fowler, P. (2002). Rice dumping in Haiti and the development box proposal. Oxfam International. https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/Rice_Dumping_in_Haiti_and_the_Development_Box_.htm
Cochrane, N., Childs, N., & Rosen, S. (2016, February 1). Rice imports help alleviate Haiti’s food needs. Amber Waves. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/january-february/rice-imports-help-alleviate-haiti-s-food-needs
Congressional Research Service. (2026, October 22). Temporary Protected Status terminations, 2025–2026: Fact sheet (CRS Report No. R49346). https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49346.html
Consensus national pour une transition inclusive et des élections transparentes. (2023, January 3). Le Moniteur, 178(Spécial 1).
Constitution de la République d’Haïti. (1987). https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Haiti/haiti1987fr.html
Continental Strategy. (2026). Supplemental statement for the six-month period ending February 28, 2026 (FARA Registration No. 7545). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7545-Supplemental-Statement-20260330-3.pdf
Core Group. (2021, July 17). Communiqué du Core Group. BINUH. https://binuh.unmissions.org/fr/node/74551
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (2019). Resolución de 12 de marzo de 2019: Supervisión de cumplimiento de sentencias y competencia. Casos Niñas Yean y Bosico y Personas dominicanas y haitianas expulsadas vs. República Dominicana. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/yean_12_03_19.pdf
Coto, D., & Sanon, E. (2023, January 10). Political vacuum in Haiti deepens as senators’ terms expire. ClickOnDetroit. https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/world/2023/01/10/political-vacuum-in-haiti-deepens-as-senators-terms-expire/
Décret portant création du Conseil présidentiel de transition [Decree of April 10, 2024]. (2024, April 12). Le Moniteur, 179(Spécial 14).
De Genova, N. P. (2002). Migrant "illegality" and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432
De Genova, N., & Peutz, N. (Eds.). (2010). The deportation regime: Sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391340
Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 75 Fed. Reg. 3476 (January 21, 2010). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-01-21/html/2010-1169.htm
Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 86 Fed. Reg. 41863 (August 3, 2021). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-08-03/html/2021-16481.htm
Dirección General de Migración. (2026, January 14). DGM deported 379,553 irregular foreigners in 2025 and processed 20.4 million traveler documents [Press release]. https://migracion.gob.do/en/dgm-deported-379553-irregular-foreigners-in-2025-and-processed-20-4-million-traveler-documents/
Drake Ventures. (2026). Exhibit A and Exhibit B to registration statement: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship of Haiti (FARA Registration No. 7742). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7742-Exhibit-AB-20260916-2.pdf
Dubois, L. (2012). Haiti: The aftershocks of history. Metropolitan Books.
Dupuy, A. (2014). Haiti: From revolutionary slaves to powerless citizens: Essays on the politics and economics of underdevelopment, 1804–2013. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315856544
Expelled Dominicans and Haitians v. Dominican Republic, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 282 (August 28, 2014). https://corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_282_ing.pdf
Extension and Redesignation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 76 Fed. Reg. 29000 (May 19, 2011). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2011-05-19/html/2011-12440.htm
Extension and Redesignation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 89 Fed. Reg. 54484 (July 1, 2024). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-07-01/html/2024-14247.htm
Extension of Lebanon Designation for Temporary Protected Status, 91 Fed. Reg. 32069 (May 29, 2026). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-05-29/html/2026-10704.htm
Famine Early Warning Systems Network. (2025). Haiti food security outlook, October 2025–May 2026: Persistent insecurity and the effects of Hurricane Melissa maintain Crisis (IPC Phase 3) and Emergency (IPC Phase 4) food insecurity. https://fews.net/latin-america-and-caribbean/haiti/food-security-outlook/october-2025
Farmer, P. (2004). An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1086/382250
Fauriol, G. A. (2022, February 18). Haiti: Betting on the Montana Accord. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/haiti-betting-montana-accord
Fernandes, D., & Faria, A. V. de. (2017). O visto humanitário como resposta ao pedido de refúgio dos haitianos. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 34(1), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.20947/S0102-3098a0012
Fischer, S. (2004). Modernity disavowed: Haiti and the cultures of slavery in the age of revolution. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822385509
A fresh start for Haiti? Charting the future of U.S.-Haitian relations: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 108th Cong. (2004) (S. Hrg. 108-544). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg94920/pdf/CHRG-108shrg94920.pdf
Glick Schiller, N., & Fouron, G. E. (2001). Georges woke up laughing: Long-distance nationalism and the search for home. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822383239
Haitian Evangelical Clergy Ass’n v. Trump, No. 1:25-cv-01464 (E.D.N.Y. July 1, 2025) (ECF No. 63).
Hayes de Kalaf, E. (2021). Legal identity, race and belonging in the Dominican Republic: From citizen to foreigner. Anthem Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22pzz22
Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the global order: From the modern state to cosmopolitan governance. Stanford University Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2015). "We are Dominican": Arbitrary deprivation of nationality in the Dominican Republic. https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/07/01/we-are-dominican/arbitrary-deprivation-nationality-dominican-republic
Human Rights Watch. (2026, September 21). US: Deportations to Haiti endanger lives. https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/09/21/us-deportations-to-haiti-endanger-lives
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. (2016, June 10). Haiti: Requirements and procedures to obtain a passport in the country and abroad (2014–2016) (HTI105535.FE). https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1307801.html
Implementation of a Parole Process for Haitians, 88 Fed. Reg. 1243 (January 9, 2023). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-01-09/html/2023-00255.htm
Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. (2026, October 28). Haiti: IPC acute food insecurity snapshot, September 2026–June 2027.
International Organization for Migration & Migrant Protection Working Group. (2026, January 29). Haiti: Key information on forced returns in Haiti in 2025 [Infographic]. ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-key-information-forced-returns-haiti-2025
Johnston, J. (2024). Aid state: Elite panic, disaster capitalism, and the battle to control Haiti. St. Martin’s Press.
Johnston, J. (2025). Haiti: A brief history of underdevelopment from colonial state to aid state. In F. Rodríguez (Ed.), The Elgar companion to the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean (pp. 452–471). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035317202.00028
Joseph, H. (2015a). Diaspora: As dinâmicas da mobilidade haitiana no Brasil, no Suriname e na Guiana Francesa [Doctoral dissertation, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro].
Joseph, H. (2015b). Diaspora: Sentidos sociais e mobilidades haitianas. Horizontes Antropológicos, 21(43), 51–78. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832015000100003
Joseph, L. (2026). Conceptualizing diaspora in Haitian studies: Emigration, exile and political standing [Working paper]. CHARESSO.
Le Cour Grandmaison, R. (2025, July 16). The weaponization of displacement by gangs in Haiti. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/the-weaponization-of-displacement-by-gangs-in-haiti/
Lei nº 13.445, de 24 de maio de 2017. (2017). Institui a Lei de Migração. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/lei/l13445.htm
Ley núm. 169-14 que establece un régimen especial para personas nacidas en el territorio nacional inscritas irregularmente en el Registro Civil dominicano y sobre naturalización. (2014). Gaceta Oficial núm. 10756. https://transparencia.poderjudicial.gob.do/documentos/PDF/leyes/LEY_ley_no._169_14.pdf
Lindskoog, C. (2018). Detain and punish: Haitian refugees and the rise of the world’s largest immigration detention system. University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400400.001.0001
Loi constitutionnelle portant amendement de la Constitution de 1987. (2012, June 19). Le Moniteur, 167(96).
Lundahl, M. (1984). Papa Doc: Innovator in the predatory state. Scandia, 50(1), 39–78. https://journals.lub.lu.se/scandia/article/view/907
Lundahl, M. (1996). Problems of policy reform in the Haitian economy. Fórum Empresarial, 1(1), 32–52. https://doi.org/10.33801/fe.v1i1.2223
Macron, E. (2025, April 17). Déclaration du Président de la République sur la relation entre la France et Haïti. Élysée. https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2025/04/17/declaration-du-president-de-la-republique-sur-la-relation-entre-la-france-et-haiti
Martínez, S., & Wooding, B. (2017). El antihaitianismo en la República Dominicana: ¿Un giro biopolítico? Migración y Desarrollo, 15(28), 95–123. https://doi.org/10.35533/myd.1528.sm.bw
Maxineau, G. (2026, August 20). Expulsés des États-Unis, 161 Haïtiens arrivent au Cap-Haïtien entre assistance et désarroi. Le Nouvelliste. https://lenouvelliste.com/article/271131/expulses-des-etats-unis-161-haitiens-arrivent-au-cap-haitien-entre-assistance-et-desarroi
Méheut, C., Porter, C., Gebrekidan, S., & Apuzzo, M. (2022, May 20). Aristide demanded French pay reparations to Haiti. He ended up in exile. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html
Mendes-Franco, J. (2021, July 22). CARICOM bristles at international community’s slight as Haiti installs a new prime minister. Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2021/07/22/caricom-bristles-at-international-communitys-slight-as-haiti-installs-a-new-prime-minister/
Menjívar, C. (2006). Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants’ lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 111(4), 999–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/499509
Mercury Public Affairs. (2020). Exhibit A and Exhibit B to registration statement: Presidency of the Republic of Haiti (through Mercury International UK Ltd.) (FARA Registration No. 6170). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6170-Exhibit-AB-20200526-84.pdf
Mezzadra, S., & Neilson, B. (2013). Border as method, or, the multiplication of labor. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377542
Miot v. Trump, No. 1:25-cv-02471 (D.D.C. February 2, 2026) (ECF No. 124).
Mission des Nations Unies pour l’appui à la Justice en Haïti & Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme. (2019). La Saline : Justice pour les victimes. L’État a l’obligation de protéger tous les citoyens. Rapport sur les allégations de violations et abus des droits de l’homme du 13 et 14 novembre 2018 dans le quartier de La Saline, Port-au-Prince. https://minujusth.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/minujusth_hcdh_rapport_la_saline.pdf
Montoya-Galvez, C. (2026, October 18). Immigrants from Ukraine and Sudan to retain deportation protections for now. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-sudan-immigrants-deportation-protections-tps/
Mullin v. Doe, 609 U.S. 324 (2026) (preliminary print; decided with Trump v. Miot, No. 25-1084). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/609us1r60_7mip.pdf
Noem v. Doe, 605 U.S. 960 (2025) (order granting stay; preliminary print). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/preliminaryprint/605US1PP_Ord.pdf
Novitas Communication. (2021). Exhibit A and Exhibit B to registration statement: Reginald Boulos (FARA Registration No. 6965). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/6965-Exhibit-AB-20210526-1.pdf
Nyers, P. (2019). Irregular citizenship, immigration, and deportation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429442704
Paik, A. N. (2016). Rightlessness: Testimony and redress in U.S. prison camps since World War II. University of North Carolina Press. https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626314.001.0001
Partial Vacatur of 2024 Temporary Protected Status Decision for Haiti, 90 Fed. Reg. 10511 (February 24, 2025). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-02-24/html/2025-02970.htm
Participación Ciudadana. (2023). Implementación de la Ley 169-14 sobre naturalización: Informe final [P. M. Santana Nina, consultant; final version, May 25, 2023]. https://pciudadana.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Informe-implementacion-Ley-No.169-14.pdf
Paultre, A. (2021, July 10). Haiti’s senate says its head, Joseph Lambert should replace assassinated president. The Herald (Reuters). https://theherald.co.za/news/world/2021-07-10-haiti-s-senate-says-its-head-joseph-lambert-should-replace-assassinated-president/
Pérez, H. E. (2020, August 9). Por decreto, Danilo otorga nacionalidad dominicana a 750 personas afectadas por sentencia 168-13. Diario Libre. https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/justicia/por-decreto-danilo-otorga-nacionalidad-dominicana-a-750-personas-afectadas-por-sentencia-168-13-AD20670770
Piarroux, R., Moore, S., & Rebaudet, S. (2022). Cholera in Haiti. La Presse Médicale, 51(3), 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104136
Portaria Interministerial nº 10, de 6 de abril de 2018. (2018). Diário Oficial da União, ed. 67, seção 1, p. 57. https://dspace.mj.gov.br/bitstream/1/875/1/PRI_GM_2018_10.pdf
Porter, C., Méheut, C., Apuzzo, M., & Gebrekidan, S. (2022, May 20). The root of Haiti’s misery: Reparations to enslavers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html
Qorvis Holding. (2023a). Exhibit A and Exhibit B to registration statement: Laurent Lamothe (FARA Registration No. 5483). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5483-Exhibit-AB-20230911-95.pdf
Qorvis Holding. (2023b). Supplemental statement for the six-month period ending September 30, 2023 (FARA Registration No. 5483). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5483-Supplemental-Statement-20231113-41.pdf
Qorvis Holding. (2024). Supplemental statement for the six-month period ending March 31, 2024 (FARA Registration No. 5483). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5483-Supplemental-Statement-20240430-42.pdf
Ramos v. Nielsen, 336 F. Supp. 3d 1075 (N.D. Cal. 2018).
Rancière, J. (1999). Disagreement: Politics and philosophy (J. Rose, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1995)
Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Haiti) Regulations, SOR/2022-231 (2022). Canada Gazette, Part II, 156(25). https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2022/2022-12-07/html/sor-dors231-eng.html
Réseau National de Défense des Droits Humains. (2020, June 23). Attaques contre des quartiers défavorisés : Le RNDDH exige la fin de la protection des gangs armés par les autorités au pouvoir (Rapport/A2020/No7). https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/7-Rap-Attaque-Quartier-Defavorise-23Jun2020-3.pdf
Resolução Normativa nº 97, de 12 de janeiro de 2012. (2012). Conselho Nacional de Imigração. Diário Oficial da União, nº 10, 13 de janeiro de 2012, seção 1, p. 59. https://dspace.mj.gov.br/bitstream/1/1541/1/REN_CNIG_2012_97.pdf
Reuters. (2020, January 13). Political vacuum in Haiti could let president rule by decree. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/13/political-vacuum-in-haiti-could-let-president-rule-by-decree
Reuters. (2021, July 8). U.S. working with Haiti’s Joseph as ‘incumbent’ -State Dept [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miu-1V_0oeU
Rosario, B. (2026, July 2). El TC ordena concluir en 10 días la naturalización de haitianos del Plan de Regularización. Diario Libre. https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/nacional/2026/07/02/tc-ordena-concluir-naturalizacion-de-haitianos-plan-de-regularizacion/3586298
Saget v. Trump, No. 1:18-cv-01599 (E.D.N.Y. April 11, 2019) (decision and order, ECF No. 155), reported at 375 F. Supp. 3d 280.
Saint-Amand, J. (1890). Le code rural d’Haïti publié avec commentaires et formulaire, notes et annexes, à l’usage des fonctionnaires, officiers et agents de la police rurale (5th ed.). Département de l’Agriculture.
Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155 (1993).
Schmidt, H. (1995). The United States occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. Rutgers University Press. (Original work published 1971)
Schuller, M. (2016). Humanitarian aftershocks in Haiti. Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813574264
Svitlana Doe v. Noem, 154 F.4th 272 (1st Cir. 2025).
Termination of Parole Processes for Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans, 90 Fed. Reg. 13611 (March 25, 2025). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-03-25/html/2025-05128.htm
Termination of the Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 83 Fed. Reg. 2648 (January 18, 2018). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-01-18/html/2018-00886.htm
Termination of the Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status [2025a], 90 Fed. Reg. 28760 (July 1, 2025). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-07-01/html/2025-12224.htm
Termination of the Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status [2025b], 90 Fed. Reg. 54733 (November 28, 2025). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-11-28/html/2025-21379.htm
Termination of the October 3, 2023 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 9040 (February 5, 2025). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-02-05/html/2025-02294.htm
Tribunal Constitucional de la República Dominicana. (2013). Sentencia TC/0168/13 (23 de septiembre de 2013). https://www.tribunalconstitucional.gob.do/consultas/secretar%C3%ADa/sentencias/tc016813/
Tribunal Constitucional de la República Dominicana. (2014). Sentencia TC/0256/14 (4 de noviembre de 2014). https://www.tribunalconstitucional.gob.do/consultas/secretar%C3%ADa/sentencias/tc025614/
Trouillot, M.-R. (2015). Silencing the past: Power and the production of history (20th anniversary ed.). Beacon Press. (Original work published 1995)
United Nations. (2021, July 8). The situation in Haiti: Press conference (8 July 2021) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsfXxbiotJg
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2026, August 11). Haiti humanitarian situation report no. 2 (mid-year), 1 January–30 June 2026. https://www.unicef.org/media/183661/file/Haiti-Humanitarian-Situation-Report-No.%202(Mid-Year),30-June-2026.pdf.pdf
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2015. https://www.unhcr.org/au/sites/en-au/files/legacy-pdf/576408cd7.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). Haiti’s criminal markets: Mapping trends in firearms and drug trafficking. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/toc/Haiti_assessment_UNODC.pdf
United Nations Security Council. (2004). Resolution 1542 (2004) (S/RES/1542). https://undocs.org/S/RES/1542(2004)
United Nations Security Council. (2026). Final report of the Panel of Experts on Haiti submitted pursuant to resolution 2794 (2025) (S/2026/714). https://docs.un.org/en/S/2026/714
U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2024, November 19). CBP releases October 2024 monthly update [Press release]. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-releases-october-2024-monthly-update
U.S. Department of State. (2026, July 10). Haiti travel advisory. https://travel.state.gov/en/international-travel/travel-advisories/haiti.html
U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2024, August 20). Treasury sanctions former Haitian president for drug trafficking (Press Release No. JY2542) [Press release]. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2542
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2025). Humanitarian parole: DHS identified fraud risks in parole processes for noncitizens and should assess lessons learned (GAO-26-107433). https://files.gao.gov/reports/GAO-26-107433/index.html
Vision Communication et Consultation. (2025). Exhibit A and Exhibit B to registration statement: Emmanuel Vertilaire (FARA Registration No. 7613). U.S. Department of Justice. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/7613-Exhibit-AB-20250617-1.pdf
Joseph, Lefranc. 2026. « The Unwanted Subject: Haitian Belonging and Political Standing Across Borders ». Revue Enjeux sociétaux 5 : 65-94. https://doi.org/10.66041/enso.05006.